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  Hicks, Michael, ‘A Story of Failure: The Minority of Edward V’, in The Royal Minorities of Medieval and Early Modern England, edited by Charles Beem (New York, 2008)

  HOAK, DALE, The King’s Council in the Reign of Edward VI (Cambridge, 1976)

  HOULBROOKE, R.A., ‘Debate: Henry VIII’s Wills: A Comment’, Historical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1994): pp. 891–9

  HUTCHINSON, ROBERT, The Last Days of Henry VIII (London, 2005)

  IVES, ERIC W., ‘Henry VIII’s Will: A Forensic Conundrum’, Historical Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4 (1992): pp. 779–804

  –––––, ‘Henry VIII’s Will: The Protectorate Provisions of 1546–7’, Historical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4 (1994): pp. 901–14

  –––––, Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery (Chichester, 2009)

  JAMES, SUSAN E., Kateryn Parr: The Making of a Queen (Farnham, Surrey, 1999)

  JORDAN, W.K., Edward VI: The Young King (London, 1968)

  LEVINE, MORTIMER, ‘The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII: A Reappraisal Appraised’, Historian, Vol. 26, No. 4 (1964):

  pp. 471–85

  –––––, ‘Henry VIII’s Use of His Spiritual and Temporal Jurisdictions in His Great Causes of Matrimony, Legitimacy and Succession’, Historical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1967): pp. 3–10

  LIPSCOMB, SUZANNAH, 1536: The Year That Changed Henry VIII (Oxford, 2009)

  LOACH, JENNIFER, ‘The Function of Ceremonial in the Reign of Henry VIII’, Past and Present, Vol. CXLII (1994): pp. 43–68

  –––––, Edward VI, edited by George Bernard and Penry Williams (New Haven, CT, and London, 1999)

  LOADES, DAVID, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1504–1553 (Oxford, 1996)

  LOCKYER, ROGER, Tudor and Stuart Britain (New York, 1964)

  MACCULLOCH, DIARMAID, Thomas Cranmer: A Life

  (New Haven, CT, and London, 1996)

  –––––, Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (London, 1999)

  MARSHALL, PETER, ‘Death’ (online article for Royal Historic Palaces, Hampton Court): www.hrp.org.uk/HamptonCourtPalace/stories/palacehighlights/AlivingTudorworld/AllaboutHenryVIII

  –––––, ‘Mumpsimus and Sumpsimus’, in his Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (Aldershot, 2006)

  MILLER, HELEN, ‘Henry VIII’s Unwritten Will: Grants of Lands and Honours in 1547’, in Wealth and Power in Tudor England, edited by E.W. Ives et al. (London, 1978)

  MULLER, J.A., Stephen Gardiner and the Tudor Reaction (London, 1926)

  PAUL, JOANNE, ‘Counsel and Command in English Political Thought, 1485–1651’, unpublished PhD thesis (Queen Mary, University of London, 2013)

  POLLARD, A.F., England Under Protector Somerset: An Essay (London, 1900)

  REDWORTH, GLYN, In Defence of the Church Catholic: The Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990)

  RYRIE, ALEC, The Gospel and Henry VIII: Evangelicals in the Early English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003)

  SCARISBRICK, J.J., Henry VIII (New Haven, CT, 1968)

  SKIDMORE, CHRIS, Edward VI: The Lost King of England (London, 2007)

  STARKEY, DAVID, ‘Court and Government’, in Revolution Reassessed, edited by C. Coleman and D. Starkey (Oxford, 1986)

  ––––– (ed.), Rivals in Power: Lives and Letters of the Great Tudor Dynasties (London, 1990)

  –––––, The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities and Politics (London, 1995 edition

  –––––, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London, 2003)

  –––––, (ed.), with Alasdair Hawkyard and Philip Ward, The Inventory of King Henry VIII: The Transcript (London 1998)

  STURGE, CHARLES, Cuthbert Tunstal: Churchman, Scholar, Statesman, Administrator (London, 1938)

  WABUDA, SUSAN, ‘Shaxton, Nicholas (c.1485–1556), entry in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [ODNB] (published in print and online 2004): www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25276

  WHITELOCK, ANNA, Mary Tudor: England’s First Queen (London, 2009)

  WILLEN, DIANE, John Russell, First Earl of Bedford: One of the King’s Men (London, 1981)

  WOODING, LUCY, Henry VIII (Abingdon, Oxfordshire, 2009)

  Iam particularly indebted to the excellent work of Professor Eric Ives on Henry VIII’s will. I am grateful to the staff of The London Library, The British Library, The National Archives and the Bodleian Library, who have been so kind in helping me locate sources.

  I am thankful, too, for the support I have received from my colleagues and students at New College of the Humanities, particularly from Dr Hannah Dawson, Dr Lars Kjaer, Dr Joanne Paul and Professor Anthony Grayling. My student Paula Erizanu acted as a research assistant for me in the early stages of this book, and her bibliographic research was invaluable. Thank you to all fellow members of the Ottoline Club, our interdisciplinary faculty club, for their helpful comments on my early paper on this material, and to Dr David Mitchell for the invitation to present my research. Thank you, too, to my second-year students who endured digressions into the subject of the will during their Michaelmas 2014 tutorials on the Tudors.

  For the elegant construction of this book, thank you to Anthony Cheetham and Richard Milbank at Head of Zeus. Thank you very much, too, to Jessie Childs for reading this book in manuscript so carefully and at short notice. Thank you to Mark Hawkins-Dady for impeccable copy-editing, which licked this body into good shape. Thank you too to Dr Tom Licence, Peter Foden and Dr Gavin Robinson for palaeographic help. My excellent agents, Felicity Bryan, Helen Purvis and Sue Ayton, support me to an astonishing degree and I am very grateful to them.

  Personally, I want to thank Marie-Noëlle Raynal-Bechetoille and Philippe Raynal for creating such a wonderful atmosphere in which to write; Suzanne Phillips and Sarah Broughton for their massive practical help and encouragement as I started out writing; and my parents, Nick and Marguerite Lipscomb, for their great support and hands-on help. Thank you, also, to all my friends for encouragement, companionship and welcome distraction, but especially to Hannah Dawson, Thomas Leveritt, Josh Dell and Simon Schama.

  Finally, I particularly want to thank my dear friend Dan Jones, who cajoled, encouraged, bullied and inspired me into writing this.

  SUZANNAH LIPSCOMB

  Picture Credits

  Page: 2 Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection / Bridgeman Images; 8–9 Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015 / Bridgeman Images; 15 Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015 / Bridgeman Images; 20–21 Barber-Surgeons’ Hall, London, UK / © Courtesy of the Worshipful Company of Barbers / Bridgeman Images; 24 Private Collection / Bridgeman Images; 27 Private Collection / Bridgeman Images; 31 Universal History Archive / Getty Images; 37 Universal History Archive / Getty Images; 41 The Print Collector / Getty Images; 43 © Stapleton Collection / Corbis; 45 © The British Library Board, Royal 2 A XVI f45r; 46 National Portrait Gallery, London, UK ; 51 © National Portrait Gallery, London, UK; 54 Universal History Archive / Getty Images; 57 Culture Club / Getty Images; 60–61 Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK / Bridgeman Images; 69 Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk, UK / National Trust Photographic Library; 74 Heritage Images / Getty Images; 80 DEA / G. Nimatallah / De Agostini / Getty Images; 84 Hulton Archive / Getty Images; 88 © Collection of the Earl of Pembroke, Wilton House, Wilts, UK / Bridgeman Images; 91 © National Portrait Gallery, London, UK; 6 © National Portrait Gallery, London, UK ; 99 © National Portrait Gallery, London, UK / Bridgeman Images; 104–5 © National Portrait Gallery; 109 The National Archives; 115 © National Portrait Gallery; 118–9 © The British Library Board, Harley 2342, ff.74v−75; 122 Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015 / Bridgeman Images; 125 © Czartoryski Museum, Cracow, Poland / Bridgeman Images ; 129 © The Trustees of the Weston Park Foundation, UK / Bridgeman Images; 132 © National Portrait Gallery, London, UK; 141 Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015 / Bridgeman Images; 146 The National Archives; 149 Knole Park, Kent, UK / National Trust Photographic Library; 1
50 Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015 / Bridgeman Images; 155 © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre); 159 Royal Collection Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2015 / Bridgeman Images; 161 © Inner Temple Library; 169 Steve Vidler / Alamy Stock Photo; 190–1 The National Archives; 200 The National Archives; 209 Ann Ronan Pictures / Print Collector / Getty Images; 216–7 British Library Board / Topfoto.

  Index

  A

  Act for the Advancement of True Religion 44

  Acts and Monuments, see Foxe’s Book of Martyrs

  Ailef, John 19, 142

  Alen, John 92

  Alsopp, Thomas, the king’s apothecary 142

  Aragon, Ferdinand of, see Ferdinand of Aragon

  Aragon, Katharine of, see Katharine of Aragon

  Arthur, Prince of Wales 25, 113

  Arundel, Earl of, see FitzAlan, Henry

  Arundel, Sir Thomas 147, 148

  Askewe, Anne 53, 55–8, 64, 78, 83, 107, 154, 157, 167

  Audley, Thomas 140

  Audley, Thomas, Baron of Walden 140

  B

  Baker, Sir John, Chancellor of the Tenths and First Fruits 204, 205

  Baldwin Smith, Lacey (historian) 92, 121

  Barnes, Robert 107

  Becket, Thomas 102

  Bellingham, Sir Edward 140

  Berkeley, Sir Maurice 140

  Bertano, Gurone (papal envoy) 103

  Blage, George 53, 58–9, 64

  Blount, Elizabeth 26

  Boleyn, Anne 26, 28, 29, 39, 40, 49, 87, 116, 144

  Boulogne, siege of 43, 87

  Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk 56, 117

  Bromley, Sir Thomas, a puisne justice of the King’s Bench 87, 89, 134, 139

  Browne, Sir Anthony, esquire to the body of Henry VIII, Master of the King’s Horse 83, 86, 87, 90, 97, 130, 133, 203, 205

  Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of 79

  Burnet, Gilbert (historian) 50, 64, 75, 81

  Bury, Agnes, a ‘lunatic’ 92

  Bury, John, a ‘lunatic’ 92

  C

  Calthorpe, Anne, Countess of Sussex 56

  Calvin, John 35

  Canterbury, Archbishop of, see Cranmer, Thomas

  Cawarden Sir Thomas 140, 143, 147

  Cecil, Richard 140

  Champernowne, Joan 56

  Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations, see North, Sir Edward

  Chancellor of the Tenths and First Fruits see Baker, Sir John

  Chapuys, Eustace 76, 128

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 28, 43, 75

  Cheke, Sir John 106, 107

  Cheney, Sir Thomas, Treasurer of the Household 89, 204, 205

  Cherbury, see Herbert, Edward, Lord of

  Chief Justice of the Commons Pleas, see Montagu, Sir Edward

  Christ’s Hospital 143

  Church of England 19, 23, 30, 36, 101–2, 108. See also Supreme Head of the Church of England

  Clement VII, Pope 28

  Clerk, William 92–3, 201

  Cleves, Anne of 38–40, 87, 133

  Clifford, Mabel 56

  Coke, Richard 90, 140, 142

  Comptroller of the Household, see Gage, Sir John

  Court of Augmentations 55, 73, 87, 203

  Cox, Dr Richard 106

  Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury 22, 23, 29, 30, 36, 71, 86, 103, 133, 203, 205

  Cromwell, Thomas 36, 38–40, 47, 53, 55, 76, 121

  D

  d’Annebaut, Claude, Admiral of France 67, 103, 106, 107

  Darcy, Sir Thomas 140

  de Guise, Marie 120

  de la Garde, Baron Antoine Escalin des Aimars, captain of the French fleet 98

  de Marillac, Charles, French ambassador 33

  de Perreau, Louis, Seigneur de Castillon, French ambassador 34

  de Selve, Odet, French ambassador 70, 83

  Defence of the Seven Sacraments, The 36, 101

  Defender of the Faith 19, 101

  Denny, Sir Anthony, Chief Gentleman of the King’s Privy Chamber 22, 25, 56, 76, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93, 110, 139, 144, 147, 203

  Dissolution of the Monasteries 38–9, 53, 55, 102

  Dudley, John, Viscount Lisle, High Admiral of England, later Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland 67, 70, 86, 101, 107, 148, 158, 203, 205

  Durham, Bishop of, see Tunstal, Cuthbert

  E

  Edward III 50, 123

  Edward IV 30, 87, 117

  Edward V 123

  Edward the Confessor 50, 77

  Edward, Prince and later King Edward VI 11, 12, 30, 33, 34, 67, 68, 70, 73, 85, 87, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 127, 130–3, 137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 148, 151, 154, 156–8, 160, 163, 166

  Elizabeth, Princess and later Queen Elizabeth I 11, 23, 29, 30, 43, 95, 98, 114, 116, 117, 124, 130, 139, 158, 160–1

  Elton, Professor G.R. (historian) 11, 12, 107

  Erasmus 107, 138

  Essex Earl of, see Parr, William

  F

  Ferdinand of Aragon 25

  Ferrers, Richard 142

  Fisher, Bishop John 55, 86

  FitzAlan, Henry, Earl of Arundel, Lord Chamberlain of the Household 89, 204, 205

  Fitzroy, Henry, Duke of Richmond and Somerset 25, 26, 29, 144, 151

  Fitzwilliam, Sir William 56, 144

  Forrest, Henry 142

  Foxe, John 12, 13, 23, 56, 59, 62–4, 75, 106

  Foxe’s Book of Martyrs (Acts and Monuments) 23, 56

  G

  Gage, Sir John, Comptroller of the Household 204, 205

  Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester 62, 64, 68–75, 76, 81, 89–90, 97, 98, 106–8, 110, 117, 137, 167, 205

  Gates, John 90, 92, 140, 143, 147

  Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber 22, 25, 56, 87, 88–9, 90, 140

  Gloucester, Humphrey of Lancaster, Duke of 123

  Gloucester, Richard, Duke of, later Richard III of England 123

  Great Master of the King’s Household, see Paulet, William

  Gresham, Paul 92

  Grey, Lady Frances 117, 120

  Grey, Henry, Marquess of Dorset 117

  Grey, Lady Jane 11, 117, 118, 148, 158, 160, 163

  Grey, Lady Katherine 117

  Grey, Lady Mary 117

  Gruffydd, Elis 50

  Guy, Professor John (historian) 11

  H

  Harman, Edmund (Henry VIII’s barber-surgeon) 19, 90, 140

  Harris, Anne 92

  Hayward, Sir John (Edward VI’s first biographer) 130

  Henry 30, 143, 117

  Henry VI 30, 117, 123

  Henry VII 19, 30, 87, 107, 117, 127, 168

  Henry VIII

  death 22–3, 127–8, 130, 133

  foreign policy 43, 49, 67

  health 34, 83

  last decade 33

  marriages 26, 38–9, 40, 62–3

  religion 33, 36, 38, 44, 59, 101–3

  relationship with councillors 39, 70–5

  succession 23, 26, 44, 113–17

  will, see will and testament, Henry VIII’s

  Herbert, Lord of Cherbury (historian) 50

  Herbert, Sir William, one of the Chief Gentlemen of the King’s Privy Chamber 83, 87, 89, 93, 139, 147, 203

  Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour, Edward

  Hertford, Countess of, see Stanhope, Anne

  High Admiral of England, see Dudley, John

  Hoby, Sir Philip 140

  Holland, John 142

  Holy Roman Emperor, see Charles V

  Howard, Catherine 40, 49

  Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey 49, 50, 77, 79

  Howard, Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk 79

  Howard, Thomas, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 19, 49, 50, 75, 79, 205

  Huicke, Robert (royal doctor) 92, 140

  Hunt, Roland, a groom of the Privy Chamber 92

  I

  Isabella of Castile 25

  Ives, Professor Eric (historian) 90, 97, 117, 148

  J

&
nbsp; James V, King of Scotland 117, 120

  James VI, King of Scotland 11, 124, 161

  Jane, the queen’s fool 92

  Jordan, W.K. (historian) 50

  K

  Katherine of Aragon 23, 25–8, 29, 40, 86, 101, 116, 211

  Knevet, Sir Anthony 56

  L

  Lambert, John 59

  last will and testament of Henry VIII, see will and testament Henry VIII

  Lethington, Lord of, see Maitland, Sir William

  Lisle, Viscount of, see Dudley, John

  Lord Chamberlain of the Household, see FitzAlan, Henry

  Lord Chancellor, see Wriothesley, Sir Thomas

  Lord Great Chamberlain of England, see Seymour, Edward

  Lord Privy Seal, see Russell, Lord John

  Lord Protector, see Seymour, Edward

  Lord St John, see Paulet, William

  Louis XII, King of France 117

  Luther, Martin 34–6, 52, 101, 102

  M

  Machiavelli, Niccolò 124

  Maitland, Sir William, Lord of Lethington, Secretary of State to Mary, Queen of Scots 94, 160

  Marshall, Professor Peter (historian) 53

  Marquess of Dorset, see Grey, Henry

  Marquess of Winchester, see Paulet, William

  Mary, Queen of Scots 11, 94, 117, 120, 124, 160

  Mary, Princess, later Queen Mary I 26, 29, 30, 43, 79, 95, 107, 114, 116–7, 137, 158, 160

  Master of the King’s Horse – see Sir Anthony Browne

  Mewtas, Sir Peter 140

  Montagu, Sir Edward, Chief Justice of the Commons Pleas 87, 89, 139, 160, 203

  Moore, Alice 92

  More, Sir Thomas 55, 86

  Morison, Richard 53

  N

  Nevill, Henry 90, 140

  Norfolk, 3rd duke of, see Howard, Thomas

  Norfolk, 4th duke, see Howard, Thomas

  North, Sir Edward, Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations 73, 87, 203

  Northampton, Earl of, see Parr, William

  Northumberland, Duke of, see Percy, Sir Henry

  O

  Owen, George (royal doctor) 62, 90, 140

  P

  Paget, Sir William, Chief Secretary to Henry VIII 11–13, 19, 40, 44, 68, 72–3, 76, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 98, 107, 127–8, 130–4, 137, 143, 144–8, 153, 156, 166, 203, 205